cd — Change Directory

What it is

cd (also chdir) is a built-in cmd.exe command that changes the shell's current working directory. It has been present since MS-DOS 1.0 and is available in every Windows version. Because cmd.exe tracks a separate current directory per drive, cd alone does not switch drives — you must also type the drive letter (e.g. D:) to make the new drive active.

Availability

cd is built into cmd.exe on every Windows version. PowerShell has its own Set-Location (aliased cd and sl) which behaves slightly differently with drives and UNC paths.

cd /?

Output:

Displays the name of or changes the current directory.

CHDIR [/D] [drive:][path]
CHDIR [..]
CD [/D] [drive:][path]
CD [..]

Syntax

cd takes an optional /D flag and a path argument. Without any argument it prints the current directory. .. steps up one level; multiple .. can be chained with backslashes.

cd [/D] [drive:][path]
cd ..

Output: (none when changing; prints current path when called with no argument)

Essential options

Printing the current directory

Calling cd with no arguments outputs the current working path — useful inside batch scripts to log the working context.

cd

Output:

C:\Users\alicedev\Documents

Absolute and relative paths

An absolute path starts from the drive root (\ or C:\). A relative path is resolved from the current directory — . is the current directory and .. is the parent.

rem Absolute path
cd C:\Windows\System32

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

rem Relative: move into a subdirectory
cd Projects\myapp

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

rem Go up one level
cd ..

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

rem Go up two levels
cd ..\..

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

rem Jump to drive root
cd \

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

Switching drives

In cmd.exe, cd changes the directory on a drive but does NOT make that drive the active one. Type the drive letter followed by a colon to switch the active drive, then cd into a folder on it.

rem Switch active drive to D:
D:

rem Then navigate
cd \Projects\myapp

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

rem /D flag does both in one step: switch drive AND directory
cd /D D:\Projects\myapp

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

Paths with spaces

Paths containing spaces must be enclosed in double quotes.

cd "C:\Users\alicedev\My Documents"

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

rem Works the same with relative paths
cd "My Documents\Q1 Reports"

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

Environment variable expansion

cd expands environment variables inside the path when % delimiters are used.

rem Jump to the user's home directory
cd %USERPROFILE%

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

rem Jump to the Windows temp folder
cd %TEMP%

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

rem Use a custom variable in a batch script
set PROJECT=C:\Projects\myapp
cd %PROJECT%

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

UNC paths

cmd.exe does not support UNC paths (\\server\share) as the working directory without /D and a mapped drive or a special workaround. The recommended approach is to map a drive letter first.

rem Map a network share to Z:
net use Z: \\myhost\share

rem Then cd into it
cd /D Z:\data

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

Common pitfalls

1. cd D:\path without /D doesn't change the active drive — the directory is remembered on D: but the prompt still shows C:. Add /D or type D: separately.
2. Spaces in path without quotes silently fails — cd C:\My Documents is parsed as cd C:\My with trailing junk; always quote paths with spaces.
3. cd does not support wildcards — cd Project* produces an error; tab-complete or type the full name.
4. UNC paths as working directory — most programs don't support UNC as the CWD; map a drive letter with net use first.
5. cd - is not a thing in cmd — use pushd / popd if you need a directory stack in batch scripts.

Real-world recipes

Navigate to a project quickly using a variable

set ROOT=C:\Projects\myapp
cd /D %ROOT%\src

Output: (none — exits 0 on success)

Save and restore directory in a batch script with pushd/popd

pushd C:\Temp\build
rem ... run build commands ...
popd
cd

Output:

C:\Users\alicedev\Documents

Open a new cmd window in a specific folder from Explorer

Right-click a folder → "Open in Terminal" (Windows 11) or address bar → type cmd → Enter. Alternatively from an existing prompt:

start cmd /K "cd /D C:\Projects\myapp"

Output: (new cmd window opens at the target path)

Per-drive current directory

cmd.exe keeps a separate current directory for each drive letter, a legacy from MS-DOS. Typing D: after a previous cd D:\Work lands back in D:\Work rather than D:\. This is occasionally useful but more often surprising — most scripts should use cd /D to set both drive and directory in a single atomic step. The per-drive directories are stored as environment-style variables named =C:, =D:, etc., visible via set "=" from a process started with cmd /V:ON.

rem Start on C: and remember a working dir on D:
C:
cd C:\Users\alicedev
D:
cd D:\Work
C:
echo Now on C:, prompt = %CD%
D:
echo Now on D:, prompt = %CD%

Output:

Now on C:, prompt = C:\Users\alicedev
Now on D:, prompt = D:\Work

rem Inspect the hidden per-drive variables
cmd /V:ON /C "set ^"=^""

Output:

=C:=C:\Users\alicedev
=D:=D:\Work
=ExitCode=00000000

pushd, popd, and the directory stack

pushd saves the current directory onto a per-shell stack and changes to a new directory in one step. popd returns to the most recently pushed location. Together they replicate the bash cd - idiom and stack-based navigation. Crucially, pushd is also the only built-in way to make a UNC path the working directory of cmd.exe: it transparently maps a temporary drive letter (starting at Z: and counting down) and switches to it.

rem Save current dir, jump elsewhere, come back
cd
pushd C:\Temp
echo Working in %CD%
popd
cd

Output:

C:\Users\alicedev\Documents
Working in C:\Temp
C:\Users\alicedev\Documents

rem Stack-based: push twice, pop twice
pushd C:\Logs
pushd C:\Temp
echo %CD%
popd
echo %CD%
popd
echo %CD%

Output:

C:\Temp
C:\Logs
C:\Users\alicedev\Documents

rem UNC paths: pushd silently maps a drive letter
pushd \\myhost\share\data
echo Drive after pushd: %CD%
popd

Output:

Drive after pushd: Z:\data

CD with the /D flag

/D is the single most important cd flag in modern scripting. Without it, cd D:\Work from a C:\ prompt only updates the remembered current directory for D: — it does NOT switch the active drive, and %CD% still reports a path on C:. With /D, both drive and directory change atomically.

rem Without /D — surprising behaviour
C:
cd D:\Projects
echo %CD%

Output:

C:\Users\alicedev

rem With /D — does what you expect
C:
cd /D D:\Projects
echo %CD%

Output:

D:\Projects

Tab completion and command extensions

Tab completion of directory names is enabled by default when Command Extensions are on. Pressing Tab cycles through matching entries; Shift+Tab cycles backwards. The CompletionChar and PathCompletionChar registry values under HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor can change the completion key globally.

rem At the prompt, type the partial name and press Tab
cd C:\Pro<Tab>

Output:

C:\Program Files\

rem Cycle through matches with repeated Tab presses
cd C:\Pro<Tab><Tab>

Output:

C:\Program Files (x86)\

CHDIR and case-sensitivity

chdir is the original DOS form; cd is the modern shorter alias and both are identical. Windows filesystems (NTFS, FAT32, ReFS) preserve case but match case-insensitively by default, so cd documents and cd DOCUMENTS both work as long as either form resolves to an existing folder. NTFS volumes can be marked case-sensitive at the directory level via fsutil.exe file setCaseSensitiveInfo — a setting WSL relies on.

chdir C:\Windows
chdir

Output:

C:\Windows

rem Case-insensitive lookup
cd c:\users\ALICEDEV\documents
echo %CD%

Output:

C:\Users\alicedev\Documents

The CD environment variable trick

cd writes the current directory into the dynamic environment variable %CD%, which can be used in scripts to capture the working directory before changing it. %CD% is read-only — assigning to it does not change directory.

set ORIG=%CD%
cd C:\Temp
rem ... do work ...
cd /D %ORIG%
echo Restored to %CD%

Output:

Restored to C:\Users\alicedev\Documents

PowerShell equivalents

PowerShell uses Set-Location (aliases cd, chdir, sl) to change the current location. Unlike cmd.exe, PowerShell tracks a single current location across all drives — switching drives is just another Set-Location. PowerShell drives also include non-filesystem providers: HKLM:, HKCU:, Cert:, Env:, Variable:, Function:, Alias:. Set-Location accepts -Path, -LiteralPath, -StackName, and the special - argument (equivalent to bash cd -).

# Basic location change
Set-Location C:\Projects\myapp

Output: (none — silent success)

# cd is a PowerShell alias for Set-Location
cd C:\Logs

Output: (none — silent success)

# Go back to previous location with -
cd C:\Temp
cd -

Output:

Path
----
C:\Logs

# Push/pop a stack
Push-Location C:\Logs
Push-Location C:\Temp
Pop-Location  # back to C:\Logs
Pop-Location  # back to original

Output: (none — silent success)

# Navigate into a non-filesystem provider
Set-Location HKLM:\Software\Microsoft\Windows
Get-ChildItem

Output:

    Hive: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows

Name                           Property
----                           --------
CurrentVersion                 ...

# Change into a UNC path natively
Set-Location \\myhost\share\data
Get-Location

Output:

Path
----
Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem::\\myhost\share\data

CMD vs PowerShell vs bash comparison

Common pitfalls (continued)

6. Per-drive current directories surprise scripts — cd D:\work from C:\ does not switch drives. Always use cd /D in scripts that may run across drives.
7. pushd to a UNC consumes drive letters — repeatedly pushing UNC paths without popd exhausts available drive letters from Z: down. Always pair pushd with popd.
8. Long paths over 260 chars — cd may report success but subsequent commands fail. Enable LongPathsEnabled or use the \\?\ prefix from PowerShell.
9. cd does not follow CDPATH — unlike bash there is no CDPATH lookup; only the current directory and absolute paths are considered.
10. Working directory of a Scheduled Task — cd in the task action does not survive after the action completes; set the "Start in" field in the task properties instead, or use pushd inside a wrapper script.

Real-world recipes (continued)

Set up a project alias with doskey

doskey macros are per-session shortcuts. Combine with cmd /K to create persistent project navigators.

doskey myapp=cd /D C:\Projects\myapp $*
doskey logs=cd /D C:\Logs $*
myapp
echo %CD%

Output:

C:\Projects\myapp

Persist directory across cmd sessions with a startup script

Set HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\AutoRun to a path of a .cmd file that runs on every interactive cmd.exe. A typical entry:

reg add "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor" /v AutoRun /t REG_SZ /d "%USERPROFILE%\cmd_init.cmd" /f

Output:

The operation completed successfully.

Then put cd /D C:\Projects\myapp (and any doskey macros) inside cmd_init.cmd.

Walk an entire workspace, run a command in each subdirectory

for /d %d in (C:\Code\*) do (
    pushd "%d"
    echo --- %CD% ---
    git status -s
    popd
)

Output:

--- C:\Code\project1 ---
 M README.md
--- C:\Code\project2 ---
?? newfile.txt

PowerShell: jump to a Git repo's root from any subdirectory

function cdup-to-git {
    $loc = (git rev-parse --show-toplevel) 2>$null
    if ($LASTEXITCODE -eq 0) { Set-Location $loc }
    else { Write-Warning "Not inside a git repo" }
}
cdup-to-git

Output: (changes to repo root, or warns if not in one)

Open a folder graphically from the current cmd prompt

explorer .

Output: (Explorer window opens at current directory)

Sources

References consulted while writing this article. Links open in a new tab.

• Microsoft Learn — cd command reference — Authoritative flag list and parameter semantics used to build the Essential options table.
• SS64 — cd — Cross-version comparison and historical syntax notes.

See also

• dir — list contents after navigating with cd.
• pushd / popd — stack-based navigation; also the only cmd.exe way to use a UNC as working directory.
• mkdir — create the directory before cd-ing into it.
• Set-Location (PowerShell) — multi-provider navigation including registry and certificate stores.
• doskey — define macros that wrap common cd patterns.
• Linux cd, pwd, pushd/popd — Unix equivalents.